Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in humans is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine. It is expressed by many different stimulated cell types including monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and both T and B-lymphocytes, but especially by macrophages. It affects most organs. The production of TNF alpha is induced by IL-1, PDGF, IFN-beta, NGF, Oncostatin M and certain fungal, viral, and parasitic invasions. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide is an especially potent stimulus. nnThe primary role of TNFα is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF α mediates septic shock in response to infection. It initiates a cascade of cytokines and increases vascular permeability, thereby recruiting macrophages and neutrophils. TNFα secreted by macrophages causes blood clotting which helps contain infection. TNFα is also able to induce apoptotic cell death or inflammation, and to inhibit viral replication. It possesses growth stimulating, inhibitory, and self regulatory properties. Dysregulation of TNFα production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, as well as cancer. nnThe presence of TNFα is responsible for diverse immunomodulatory and toxic effects. For instance, TNFα induces neutrophil proliferation during inflammation, but it also induces neutrophil apoptosis upon binding to the TNF-R55 receptor. TNFα causes necrosis of some types of tumors, but promotes growth of other types. Low levels may aid in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the body's circadian rhythm, and may promote remodeling or replacement of injured and senescent tissue by stimulating fibroblast growth. High levels of TNFα correlate with increased risk of mortality.
应用类型
ELISA,Immunohistochemistry,Western Blot,
免疫原
This protein-A purified antibody was prepared from whole rabbit serum produced by repeated immunizations with a recombinant protein raised in yeast, corresponding to 154 amino acids of mature swine TNFα.
来源宿主
Rabbit
反应性
Sus scrofa domesticus (Pig, Porcine, Swine)
保存建议
Store vial at 4° C prior to restoration. For extended storage aliquot contents and freeze at -20° C or below. Avoid cycles of freezing and thawing. Centrifuge product if not completely clear after standing at room temperature. This product is stable for several weeks at 4° C as an undiluted liquid. Dilute only prior to immediate use.